TARIXIY TAFAKKUR VA TANQIDIY TAHLIL KO‘NIKMALARINI BIRLAMCHI MANBALAR ASOSIDA RIVOJLANTIRISH METODIKASI: EKSPERIMENTAL TADQIQOT
Abstract
Ushbu maqolada umumta’lim maktablarida tarix fanini o‘qitish jarayonida o‘quvchilarning tarixiy tafakkur (historical thinking) va tanqidiy tahlil ko‘nikmalarini birlamchi manbalar asosida rivojlantirish metodikasi yoritilgan. Tadqiqotda Sam Wineburg tomonidan taklif qilingan uchta evristika (sourcing manbani aniqlash, contextualizing kontekstlashtirish, corroborating – tasdiqlash) hamda Peter Seixas tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan oltita tarixiy tafakkur konsepsiyasi (tarixiy ahamiyat, dalillar, davomiylik va o‘zgarish, sabab va oqibat, tarixiy istiqbollar, axloqiy o‘lchov) nazariy asos sifatida qabul qilingan. Tadqiqotda Toshkent shahridagi ikkita umumta’lim maktabining 80 nafar 9-sinf o‘quvchilari ishtirok etgan bo‘lib, ular tasodifiy ravishda tajriba (birlamchi manbalar + tarixiy tafakkur metodikasi) va nazorat (an’anaviy darslik va ma’ruza) guruhlariga ajratilgan. Intervensiya olti hafta davomida o‘tkazilib, pre-test, oraliq test, post-test va kechiktirilgan test (3 hafta keyin) usullari orqali baholash amalga oshirilgan. Natijalar tajriba guruhining post-testdagi o‘rtacha balli (76.4) nazorat guruhinikidan (52.6) sezilarli darajada yuqori ekanligini (p<0.001, Cohen’s d=3.25) ko‘rsatgan. Kechiktirilgan testda tajriba guruhida bilim saqlanish darajasi 4.8% ga pasaygan bo‘lsa (16.8 dan 16.0 ga), nazorat guruhida bu ko‘rsatkich 14.3% ga tushgan (11.2 dan 9.6 ga). Tanqidiy fikrlash so‘rovnomasi natijalari tajriba guruhida barcha ko‘rsatkichlar bo‘yicha o‘rtacha 89.8% o‘sishni qayd etgan (p<0.001). Sifatli tahlil (refleksiya daftari va intervyu) “manba ishonchliligi haqida ong”, “turli nuqtai nazarlarni qabul qilish”, “dalillarga asoslangan bahs” hamda “tanqidiy fikrlashning kundalik hayotga ko‘chishi” kabi to‘rtta asosiy tematik yo‘nalishni aniqlagan. Xulosa qilib aytganda, birlamchi manbalar asosida ishlash va tarixiy tafakkurni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan metodika o‘quvchilarning manba tahlil qilish, tanqidiy fikrlash va turli nuqtai nazarlarni solishtirish ko‘nikmalarini an’anaviy usullarga nisbatan sezilarli darajada oshiradi hamda ushbu ko‘nikmalarning uzoq muddatli saqlanishini ta’minlaydi. Tadqiqot natijalari O‘zbekiston ta’lim tizimida tarix fanini o‘qitishda tarixiy tafakkurni rivojlantirish bo‘yicha amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqish uchun asos bo‘la oladi.
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